{"id":472,"date":"2019-08-31T22:34:16","date_gmt":"2019-08-31T17:34:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/maldives.lareef.net\/?page_id=472"},"modified":"2020-02-25T10:26:58","modified_gmt":"2020-02-25T05:26:58","slug":"weather-climate-variability-and-climate-change-lareef-zubair-international-research-institute-for-climate-prediction","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/stem.climate.mv\/index.php\/weather-climate-variability-and-climate-change-lareef-zubair-international-research-institute-for-climate-prediction\/","title":{"rendered":"Weather, Climate Variability, and Climate Change"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"472\" class=\"elementor elementor-472\" data-elementor-settings=\"[]\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1680bc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-section elementor-top-section\" data-id=\"f1680bc\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-555d484 elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column\" data-id=\"555d484\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap  elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d8cc32f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d8cc32f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Weather, Climate Variability, and Climate Change<\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f542dce elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"f542dce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50102bd7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-section elementor-top-section\" data-id=\"50102bd7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66d3b4f2 elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column\" data-id=\"66d3b4f2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap  elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d695c22 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d695c22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\"><p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">By Lareef Zubair (International Research Institute for Climate Prediction)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The air around the earth is a very thin envelope, which we call the atmosphere. The density of this envelope of air decreases from about one kilogram per square kilometer at the earth\u2019s surface to about one-tenth of a kilogram at an altitude of 20 kilometers. Above altitudes of 20 km, it continues to diminish rapidly with distance from the earth. The sun influences the atmosphere by radiative heat. Because of the way the earth rotates on its axis and the way it rotates around the sun, there are seasonal and diurnal (night and day) variations in the atmosphere. Diurnality and seasonality are important characteristics of the atmosphere.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Definitions\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Weather is the current or ongoing state of the atmosphere and is generally predictable up to 10 days in advance<\/li>\n<li>Climate is the long-term average of the weather over many years<\/li>\n<li>Climate change is the long-term change in the average state of the climate. It can be predicted, but such predictions are speculative\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>Seasonal climate variability comprises the departures from the average state of the climate due to shifts in ocean or land conditions. It may be predictable up to one year in advance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Climate change<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>There is scientific consensus that the climate is changing, both on a global and on a regional scale. There is a risk that climate change can upset ecological systems that have adapted to environmental niches. The causes of climate change include disturbance in energy balances due to anthropogenic (caused by humans) pollution such as burning fossil fuel. Uncertainty and risk are inevitable in dealing with climate change. Human-induced climate change is also accompanied by equity and moral issues: Who is causing climate change and who pays for the consequences?<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Coping with climate variability<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The ability to predict climate variations on a seasonal or inter-annual scale presents communities with the opportunity to develop their adaptive capacity. Decision-making is often driven by short-term concerns, and it is thus more feasible to focus on climate variability than on long-term climate change. Developing the capacity and expertise to deal with climate variability also helps prepare communities to deal with the long-term effects of climate change. Measures to adapt to climate variability are needed immediately. Their efficacy can be tested, and such measures, when well formulated and well presented to the public, are likely to enjoy wide community acceptance. The capacity to undertake climate assessments, predictions, and adaptation measures should be developed regionally. To improve capacity, pilot studies are needed that call on expertise from multiple sectors.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<h2><strong>What can we do?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Improve understanding of climate and its relationship to our societies and environment. Improve understanding of climate change, its current and potential effects, and the vulnerability of communities to its impact.<\/li>\n<li>Develop strategies to adapt to and mitigate the effects of climate change. Following the precautionary principle, formulation of adaptation and mitigation strategies need not wait for perfect scientific evidence of climate change. In 1998, the Science and Environmental Health Network defined the precautionary principle as follows: \u201cWhen an activity raises threats of harm to human health or the environment, precautionary measures should be taken even if some cause and effect relationships are not fully established scientifically. In this context the proponent of an activity, rather than the public, should bear the burden of proof.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Build capacity and develop resiliency on a regional basis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Adopt no-regrets policies as a first step. These are policies that will generate net social benefits whether or not there is climate change.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Summing up<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>While maintaining pressure to develop mitigation strategies, communities need to prepare to adapt to the effects of climate variability and climate change that cannot be avoided or mitigated. To achieve this goal, policymakers and the general public need to develop a good understanding of climate and the effects of climate change. Information on climate change and climate variability is needed at the local and regional level. This information must include a comprehensive perspective from multiple sectors, such as health and agriculture. Understanding the vulnerability of the environment and of human society is as critical as understanding climate. Data on projects where climate information was used to develop mitigation and adaptation strategies would provide a particularly important component of the information base. In improving the collection, analysis, and use of appropriate information, it will be important to support the entry and work of young people in the field of climate-environment-health interactions, particularly in the tropics.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Group discussion<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Following the 1997\u20131998 El Ni\u00f1o event, there was massive coral bleaching in the Indian Ocean. Research findings would be useful on whether and how quickly coral reefs were recovering. There are also reports of excess plankton bloom, but these might be due to poor land use rather than climate change. Summertime radiation is much stronger in the Southern Hemisphere than in the Northern Hemisphere because during the Southern Hemisphere summer the earth is closer to the sun. No one has established any significant relationship between the 11-year sun-spot cycle and any climate effect on earth. If there is any effect, it is probably not discernible because other factors are more important.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-009f86e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-section elementor-top-section\" data-id=\"009f86e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61ac3cd elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column\" data-id=\"61ac3cd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap  elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17ffaa2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"17ffaa2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a68e5e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-section elementor-top-section\" data-id=\"9a68e5e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-225b9e1 elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-top-column\" data-id=\"225b9e1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap  elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e57838 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wp-widget-custom_html\" data-id=\"7e57838\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wp-widget-custom_html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"textwidget custom-html-widget\"><div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-squared green1\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background\" style=\"background-color: transparent;width:100%;padding:5px\" href=\"https:\/\/stem.climate.mv\/index.php\/climate-and-water\/\"><strong><h3>Climatology<br><\/strong><\/a><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85ba6db elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-top-column\" data-id=\"85ba6db\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap  elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fbff5e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"fbff5e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6c41f7 elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-top-column\" data-id=\"c6c41f7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap  elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9897b54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wp-widget-custom_html\" data-id=\"9897b54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wp-widget-custom_html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"textwidget custom-html-widget\"><div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-squared green1\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background\" style=\"background-color: transparent;width:100%;padding:5px\" href=\"https:\/\/stem.climate.mv\/index.php\/weather-climate-variability-and-climate-change-lareef-zubair-international-research-institute-for-climate-prediction\/\"><strong><h3>Terminology <br><\/strong><\/a><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8381c7b elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-top-column\" data-id=\"8381c7b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap  elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a550b97 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"a550b97\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffdb5fb elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-top-column\" data-id=\"ffdb5fb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap  elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e30b397 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wp-widget-custom_html\" data-id=\"e30b397\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wp-widget-custom_html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"textwidget custom-html-widget\"><div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-squared green1\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background\" style=\"background-color: transparent;width:100%;padding:5px\" href=\"https:\/\/stem.climate.mv\/index.php\/climate-change\/\"><strong> <h3>Climate Change<br><\/strong><\/a><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb84362 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-section elementor-top-section\" data-id=\"eb84362\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04156b7 elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column\" data-id=\"04156b7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap  elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fdf5962 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"fdf5962\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63d17af elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-section elementor-top-section\" data-id=\"63d17af\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b12402 elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-top-column\" data-id=\"4b12402\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap  elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3c169b elementor-widget elementor-widget-wp-widget-custom_html\" data-id=\"f3c169b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wp-widget-custom_html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"textwidget custom-html-widget\"><div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-squared green1\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background\" style=\"background-color: transparent;width:100%;padding:5px\" href=\"https:\/\/stem.climate.mv\/index.php\/stations\/\"><strong><h3>Weather<br><\/strong><\/a><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-429f37f elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-top-column\" data-id=\"429f37f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-845f1a6 elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-top-column\" data-id=\"845f1a6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aeddc4d elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-top-column\" data-id=\"aeddc4d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ded7d1e elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-top-column\" data-id=\"ded7d1e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86db6b3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-section elementor-top-section\" data-id=\"86db6b3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f2c95f2 elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column\" data-id=\"f2c95f2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap  elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61b5922 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"61b5922\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Weather, Climate Variability, and Climate Change By Lareef Zubair (International Research Institute for Climate Prediction) The air around the earth is a very thin envelope, which we call the atmosphere. The density of this envelope of air decreases from about one kilogram per square kilometer at the earth\u2019s surface to about one-tenth of a kilogram &#8230; <a title=\"Weather, Climate Variability, and Climate Change\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/stem.climate.mv\/index.php\/weather-climate-variability-and-climate-change-lareef-zubair-international-research-institute-for-climate-prediction\/\">Read more <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Weather, Climate Variability, and Climate Change<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v14.4.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Weather, Climate Variability, and Climate Change - STEM Education in Maldives<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow\" \/>\n<meta name=\"googlebot\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta name=\"bingbot\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/stem.climate.mv\/index.php\/weather-climate-variability-and-climate-change-lareef-zubair-international-research-institute-for-climate-prediction\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Weather, Climate Variability, and Climate Change - STEM Education in Maldives\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Weather, Climate Variability, and Climate Change By Lareef Zubair (International Research Institute for Climate Prediction) The air around the earth is a very thin envelope, which we call the atmosphere. The density of this envelope of air decreases from about one kilogram per square kilometer at the earth\u2019s surface to about one-tenth of a kilogram ... 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